DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS
Conduct Disorders (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorders (ODD) are referred to as ___________________________________ disorders.
They
are the most common ______________________ disorders seen in children and
adolescents.
Because
the community is often _________________________ by children with CD or ODD,
there is a strong consensus that these disorders deserve special attention.
______________________________
children often exhibit some CD/ODD components.
Initial
__________________________ challenged any ________________________ between
CD/ODD
More
recent _______________________ suggests there is a ___________________. Achenbach (developer of the CBC’s) has
consistently found 2 “disruptive behavior” factors in his studies.
One
of the factors—___________________________– captures the components of
aggression, anger, and disobedience.
The Aggressive Behavior component roughly corresponds to ______________________.
The
other factor – ____________________________– includes components of
lawbreaking and violation of societal norms.
The Delinquent Behavior component roughly corresponds to ___________.
Overall, ODD and CD represent _______________________ constructs, but are __________________ to each other. To summarize this relationship:
1)
The
mean age of onset for ODD symptoms is _________________ than for CD symptoms.
2)
ODD
and CD are ____________________ related.
Many children with ODD _________________ develop CD, but almost all
children with CD have had an earlier ____________________ of
_______________. CD, in turn, predicts
_______________________ Personality Disorder in adulthood.
_______________________ Personality Disorder can
include the following: failure to
_____________________ to social norms,
repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for
______________, __________________, ___________________
conning others for personal ___________________ or
pleasure aggressiveness, physical __________________
disregard for _________________ of self or others,
not honoring _______________________ obligations,
poor_______________ history, lack of _____________________.
3)
____________________
correlation for ODD and CD are similar, but children with CD have a greater
_________________ and ___________________ of the correlational
___________________.
4)
Treatment
for ___________________ is more likely to be __________________ than treatments
for CD. This is probably because of
lower symptom severity and the younger age of the child with ODD.
DSM-IV
defines ODD as “______________________ patterns of negativistic,
_________________, disobedient, and _____________________ behavior toward
authority figures”.
Characterized
by symptoms such as _____________________ with authorities, refusal to
_____________________ with requests, losing _____________________,
irritability, externalizing _________________________ for misbehavior,
__________________ behavior, appearing angry or ______________________.
ODD
is not ______________________ if the child qualifies for the CD diagnosis. Without this _________________________
criterion, virtually all children with CD would also receive an ODD label.
ODD
symptoms are more ____________________ or more ____________________ versions of
typical child behaviors.
The
child’s disruptive behaviors must exceed the ______________________,
________________________, and ________________________ of behaviors typical for
the child’s age.
ODD
is usually diagnosed before age ___________ and almost always before
___________________.
ODD
is a common disorder, with prevalence rates of _________________% in the child
population. Males are diagnosed
approximately 3 _________________ as often as females.
At
_____________________ age ODD manifests itself in frequent, severe temper
_________________ and intolerance of _______________. He/She will respond to frustration with an extremely
____________________ and ______________ display.
Kicking,
power struggles, and _________________________ of property are common.
If
parents ___________ ______ to the child’s demands, the child learns that
escalation of the power struggle results in ________________________.
At
older ages, tantrum behavior may persist, but oppositionality and defiance
usually becomes more _________________________.
“Talking
back” and _______________________ refusal to comply are typical during
adolescence.
____________________________ and __________________ behaviors persist
and are often incorporated into power struggles.
Parents/adults
may feel held ______________________ by the child’s threats to destroy property
or to become ______________________ aggressive.
The
child may appear to be __________________________ or testing adults for the
limits of _________________________ behavior.
ODD
children tend to be most oppositional toward certain __________________ or in
certain ________________________.
Parents
are often able to _________________________ one parent who receives most of the
______________________ and ________________________ behavior.
Additionally,
the child may be _______________________ at home, but not in school. There is a tendency for children with ODD to
be at risk for ______________________, as well.
There
is mounting ________________________ that parental psychopathology, family
____________________, and behavioral ____________________ are responsible for
the ODD child.
Families
of children with ODD show higher rates of parental _________________, substance
_____________________, and ______________________ Personality Disorders than do
families of other children.
Behavioral
factors, such as parental ____________________ and parental ________________are
also associated with the development of ODD symptoms.
Harsh
_______________________ punishment of children can create _______________,
reduced _________________________, and provide a model of
_____________________.
Inconsistent
____________________ can _________________________ children for escalating
until the parents _______________ them what they want. The children then learn to
________________________ the pattern of defiant, _________________ behavior in
order to be __________________ by getting their way.
Oppositional
behavior is __________________________ when the child gains attention and
_____________________________ as a result of this. To the extent that _____________, control, and
_________________________________ result from oppositional behavior, the child
will be prone to show ODD ____________________.
Some
research suggest that _______________________ factors may also play a role in
ODD symptomology.
Some
studies suggest that _______________________ children of antisocial biological
________________ are more likely to exhibit _____________________ behavior than
are adopted children of normal fathers.
Twin
studies also support a __________________________ component to ODD.
_____________________
factors seem to explain only a _________________ of the reason for the
emergence of ODD symptoms, however.
DSM-IV
defines CD as “a ________________________ and persistent __________________ of
behavior in which the basic rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms
or _______________________ are violated”.
This
behavior will occur across multiple social arenas, including
___________________, _________________, and ____________________.
Symptoms
of CD include: _________________,
intimidating others, ______________, use of weapons, stealing, cruel behavior
toward people or animals, sexual ________________, lying, fire setting, running
away, breaking into a house or car, and __________________.
CD
occurs in 6-16% of boys and 2-9% of girls.
There
are 2 CD subtypes:
______________________-Onset
type: requires at least one conduct
problem b/4 age ____
_________________-Onset
type: requires no conduct problems b/4 age _________
Childhood-Onset
type is more ____________________ and _________________ as the child
develops; it is more likely to
___________________ into Antisocial Personality Disorder.
CD
is ______________________ with a number of other disorders (co-morbidity): substance __________________,
________________, _________________, Bipolar Disorder, Eating Disorders, etc.
ADHD
is the most ____________________ co-occurring diagnosis with CD/ODD. CD or ODD is found in up to ____% of ADHD
cases.
When
ADHD and CD co-occur the onset of _________________ generally ___________ the
onset of CD.
When
ADHD and CD are co-morbid the symptoms are _________________ than with either
condition ____________________, with greater symptom __________________, and an
increased risk for later _____________________ Personality Disorder, more
environmental problems, more ______________ __________________, and show
deficiencies in processing of social information.
CD
typically develops as a _____________________ process that expands from
______________ to parents to opposition to adults, all authorities, and
eventually to ________________ as a whole.
Typically,
the school is the ____________________ non-home __________________ in which the
child exhibits oppositional and rule-breaking behavior.
Most
CD-type school/social behaviors _____________________ in ________________
school. This leads to
_____________________ in school and in most social settings. These failures further __________________
the child from rules/norms/society.
Separated
from the _____________________, the child may identify with a __________ peer
group. This deviant peer group provides
_________________________ social modeling and social ____________________ for
________________________ behavior.
Activities
that lead to immediate ________________________ (drug use, stealing) are chosen
as alternatives to “unattainable” socially ___________________ means of
gratification.
CD
appears to emerge out of early ______________________ struggles and
______________ and ______________________ failures that develop into
oppositional, defiant, and eventually, ______________________ behaviors.
There
is evidence that CD children score lower on ______________________ tests, along
with performing __________________ in ______________________.
Low
______________________ has been shown to be _____________ times more likely for
CD children than with control groups.
Studies
have suggested that the intellectual deficiencies of CD children extend to
social _____________________ and ___________________________ skills.
Compared
to their peers, CD children more often perceive neutral social cues as having
____________________ meaning.
CD
children tend to interpret neutral situations as _______________________. Because they view these situations as such,
CD/aggressive children feel _____________________ by peers and adults.
CD
is associated with early __________, ___________________, marital conflict,
financial ___________________, and poor interpersonal ________________________.
Most children with CD are __________________. Whether this is a biological/hormonal or cultural factor is _________________ yet __________________.
Slow
heart ________________ has been linked to CD.
Some
findings suggest that CD children may be less responsive to __________________
stimuli and may need a higher level of external stimulation.
Researchers
have found correlations between frontal lobe functioning and delinquency . The frontal lobe is partially responsible
for the ___________ and ______________ of behavior.
The
findings suggest that CD children have less frontal-lobe mediated inhibition of
behavior, increasing the likelihood they will act and behave
______________________.
_____________________________
studies are suggestive (but preliminary) in explaining the emergence of CD.
It
appears that CD runs in ______________________________ and is associated with
cognitive ____________________. The
effects of environmental factors, as well as the magnitude of the effect of
biological factors, remain to be determined.
Family-Behavioral
Nearly all major psychological theories regarding the etiology of CD suggest a role for parent/family ___________________________ in CD symptoms.
There
is suggestion that issues as fundamental as _________________________ problems
may be _____________________ of later CD.
Examples
of attachment problems include: extended separation from the
____________________, multiple ___________________, marital _________________,
poor __________________, etc. predict later antisocial behavior.
The
child develops little _________________ to rules and social
______________________ because __________________ figures have done little to
earn such ______________________.
Instead
of being nurtured, the child expects _______________________ and
_____________________ from authorities and society.
An
association between parent _________________ and CD is possible due to the
problems with the observational report of a depressed parent.
_____________________________
parents tend to overestimate _____________________ problems in their
children. These discrepancies seem to
be more prevalent with mother reporting than with father.